Radioactivity Definition in Science

Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation in the form of particles or high energy photons resulting from a nuclear reaction. It is also known as radioactive decay, nuclear decay, nuclear disintegration, or radioactive disintegration. While there are many forms of electromagnetic radiation, they are not always produced by radioactivity. For example, a light bulb may emit radiation in the forms of heat and light, yet it is not radioactive. A substance that contains unstable atomic nuclei is considered to be radioactive. Radioactive decay is a random or stochastic process that occurs at the level of individual atoms. While it is impossible to predict exactly when a single unstable nucleus will decay, the rate of decay of a group of atoms may be predicted based on decay constants or half-lives. A half-life is the time required for half of the sample of matter to undergo radioactive decay. Key Takeaways: Definition of Radioactivity Radioactivity is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation.While radioactivity results in the release of radiation, not all radiation is produced by radioactive material.The SI unit of radioactivity is the becquerel (Bq). Other units include the curie, gray, and sievert.Alpha, beta, and gamma decay are three common processes through which radioactive materials lose energy. Units The International System of Units (SI) uses the becquerel (Bq) as the standard unit of radioactivity. The unit is named in honor of the discoverer of radioactivity, French scientists Henri Becquerel. One becquerel is defined to be one decay or disintegration per second. The curie (Ci) is another common unit of radioactivity. It is defined as 3.7 x 1010 disintegrations per second. One curie equals 3.7 x 1010 bequerels. Ionizing radiation is often expressed in units of grays (Gy) or sieverts (Sv). A gray is the absorption of one joule of radiation energy per kilogram of massA sievert is the quantity of radiation associated with a 5.5% change of cancer eventually developing as a result of exposure. Types of Radioactive Decay The first three types of radioactive decay to be discovered were alpha, beta, and gamma decay. These modes of decay were named by their ability to penetrate matter. Alpha decay penetrates the shortest distance, while gamma decay penetrates the greatest distance. Eventually, the processes involved in alpha, beta, and gamma decay were better understood and additional types of decay were discovered. Decay modes include (A is atomic mass or number of protons plus neutrons, Z is atomic number or number of protons): Alpha decay: An alpha particle (A 4, Z2) is emitted from the nucleus, resulting in a daughter nucleus (A -4, Z - 2).Proton emission: The parent nucleus emits a proton, resulting in a daughter nucleus (A -1, Z - 1).Neutron emission: The parent nucleus ejects a neutron, resulting in a daughter nucleus (A - 1, Z).Spontaneous fission: An unstable nucleus disintegrates into two or more small nuclei.Beta minus (ÃŽ ²Ã¢Ë†â€™) decay: A nucleus emits an electron and electron antineutrino to yield a daughter with A, Z 1.Beta plus (ÃŽ ²) decay: A nucleus emits a positron and electron neutrino to yield a daughter with A, Z - 1.Electron capture: A nucleus captures an electron and emits a neutrino, resulting in a daughter that is unstable and excited.Isomeric transition (IT): An excited nucleus releases a gamma ray resulting in a daughter with the same atomic mass and atomic number (A, Z), Gamma decay typically occurs following another form of decay, such as alpha or beta decay. When a nucleus is left in an excited state it may release a gamma ray photon in order for the atom to return to a lower and more stable energy state. Sources LAnnunziata, Michael F. (2007). Radioactivity: Introduction and History. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780080548883.Loveland, W.; Morrissey, D.; Seaborg, G.T. (2006). Modern Nuclear Chemistry. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-11532-8.Martin, B.R. (2011). Nuclear and Particle Physics: An Introduction (2nd ed.). John Wiley Sons. ISBN 978-1-1199-6511-4.Soddy, Frederick (1913). The Radio Elements and the Periodic Law. Chem. News. Nr. 107, pp. 97–99.Stabin, Michael G. (2007). Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-49983-3 ISBN 978-0-387-49982-6.

Case Study Ford Motor Company Essay - 2073 Words

Introduction The company in the following capstone project is Ford Motor Company which is an international manufacturer of automotive and is headquartered in Dearborn Michigan. The company was founded by Henry Ford in the year 1903. The company has developed widely since then and has turned to be the 5th best automaker in the globe and 2nd best American-based automaker industry. The main field of business of the company is the production and sale of the Ford Brand automobiles and the Lincoln brand of luxury cars. Its activities are centered on manufacturing, assembling, and international marketing of the named brands. The company has been facing several challenges recently which include the production of automotive machinery that have transmission problems whose impact has been proved to be a big problem. Pollution of the environment is another great challenge facing the company which comes both from the production mechanisms applied by the company and transmission problems of the vehicles which are released into the atmosphere greenhouse gasses. This fact places the company in a state that does not meet all the requirements of environmental sustainability. The project mainly aims at conducting an assessment of the corporation manufacturing techniques and all the necessary improvements needed to significantly reduce the levels of pollution. Implementation of innovative techniques of production, recycling of materials in production and designing cars together with machinesShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Ford Motor Company Essay2498 Words   |  10 Pagesthe profit maximization. I remember a very famous case study of Ford Motor Company that says the importance of teamwork. In 2006 when Alan Mulally became the CEO of the Ford Motor Company, many senior executives thought that a big change in inevitable as mullally was the outsider. Speculation of changes in team at higher level was at high as Mulally was hired from Boeing because of his expertise in running big organization and employees of Ford Motor were suspicious about his working method. Read MoreCase Study: Ford Motor Company2447 Words   |  10 PagesCASE STUDY: FORD MOTOR COMPANY Leadership and Organizational Effectiveness of Ford Motor Company â€Å"This is everything. It’s heritage. It’s children’s future. It’s everything tied up into one. Failure is not an option.† - Jr. CEO, Ford Motor Company The global marketplace is faced with different challenges that affect its overall management and operations. Various pressures on the internal and external conditions such as the unstable world and local economies, the workforce, the customersRead MoreCase Study Ford Motor Company1461 Words   |  6 PagesCASE STUDY Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company, one of the world’s largest automotive manufacturers, has worked with Penske on several Six Sigma initiatives. As its lead logistics provider (LLP), Penske’s quality team of associates are trained in Six Sigma practices and work closely with Ford to streamline operations and create and maintain a more centralized logistics network. Together, they uncovered several areas for real cost savings as a result of reducing inbound carrier discrepancies, eliminatingRead MoreCase Study of Ford Motor Company1147 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Tim Randall Ford Motor Company has been recognized as one of the worlds most ethical companies by the Ethisphere Institute, a leading business ethics think tank (Ford Motor Company.com. Home Page. 2012. PP. 1). This 2010 award of excellence highlights a fundamental transformation for a company that in the mid-1970s was immersed in a scandal regarding the safety of its Ford Pinto sub-compact. The issue which led to major lawsuits, inconclusive criminal charges, and a costly recall ofRead MoreCase Study : Ford Motor Company1611 Words   |  7 PagesFord Motor Co. Casey T, Blackburn Business 104 Business Organization Management Dr. Earl Murray Jr. 1 November 2015 Abstract I hope that this meets the intent of this paper and that you learn something new about the management of an organization that I have the most interest in. I wanted to discuss how the lessons that we have covered during this class are used and demonstrated in a large worldwide company such as Ford Motor Co. Ford Motor Co. Ford’s Motor Company History Ford Motor CompanyRead MoreCase Study : Ford Motor Company1220 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ford Motor Company fell into a trap of greed that resulted in the loss of many human lives. Before the disaster of the Pinto fires, Ford had a reputation as being the safety pioneer in the automobile industry with additions such as the seat belts even raising awareness of their safety. However, as the invention of small cars began to take emerge Ford began to lose market shares to the foreign market causing Ford to construct a small compact to satisfy this emerging market. Ford’s stance on â€Å"safetyRead MoreCase Study : Ford Motor Company915 Words   |  4 PagesFord Motor Company Ford Motor Company is headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan. The company is involved in the sale of automobiles, commercial and luxury cars. The company has over 90 plants around the world making it the second largest automobile manufacturer. The company employs more than 213,000 employees hence its human resource management is critical. Ensuring the HR Strategy Is In Alignment with the Business Strategy In the past, organizations have made the mistake of involving HR in the planningRead MoreCase Study of the Ford Motor Company1346 Words   |  5 PagesFinancial analysis of Ford Motor Company 1. Introduction The Ford Motor Company is one of the largest automakers in the world and it is notable due to its powerful position within the global market place. Still, aside from this, Ford is also notable from a business analysis standpoint, representing a firm that has lost its competitive position to the Japanese automakers, due to the inability to recognize changing market trends. Also, the company is notable as it was severely hit by the economicRead MoreCase Study : Ford Motor Company813 Words   |  4 PagesThe company our group chose to analyze was Ford Motor Company. They are based out of Michigan with 181,000 employees and 65 plants worldwide. They currently sell on six continents and sold 2,493,918 vehicles in 2013. The Ford Motor Company Brand also includes Lincoln but it is only sold in North America. There are many risk factors currently for the company, but a main one is the high fixed structural cost they have in place that are easily susceptible to losses in a turn down of the economyRead MoreCase Study : Ford Motor Company1340 Words   |  6 PagesHenry Ford opened his first factory, Ford Motor Company has been changing the automotive industry all across the world. What started out, as a small company with big ideas has become one of the largest and profitable companies in the world. Ford Motor Company, communally known as Ford stared out as a family own company and today is still run by the Ford family. Today, where companies are having to sell or partner with other companies, it is amazing to see a family company grow in the way Ford has since

The Importance of Diversity in Communication Today Free Essays

The world we live in is a world composed of constant changes and differences among people. History would tell us how far the age of humanity has stretched—from the period of cave men, to the age of land explorations, to Renaissance, up to the age of industrialization, and now, the period of globalization. Still, there are available tools and ways to settle each difference among people. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Diversity in Communication Today or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the most useful and most effective ways to do this is through communication. Communication helps greatly in the filling of gaps among people who have differences in views, culture, and contexts (Sproule, p. 13). Its diverse nature has proven to be playing a major role in the past. For example, during the time of the early cave men, communication was done non-verbally. It indicates the simplicity of life during the said period. It was very different during the Industrialization Age when other tools for communication were invented. The appearance of telephones and early computers made a great impact in the area of communication. These changes suggest that communication adapts with time and the needs of the people during that time. In this current period though, what is the role and importance of diversity in communication in a globalized world? Diversity among cultures is one thing that plays a major role in communication today. With the differences in their views, tradition, and religion, people from different cultures often clash with each other. In communication, it should be noted that cultural diversity is one of the crucial and important aspects we should consider when communicating (Bovà ©e, p. 26). For example, today that we are in the world of capitalism, business communication plays a vital role for the success of companies and industries. When dealing with business partners and businessmen from a different race and culture, it is important that we knows how to communicate with them with background and knowledge of their culture (Schirato, p. 87). For example, the Japanese are known to be patient and values formality when dealing with their businesses as compared to other Western ones who are more direct, straightforward, and informal. Diversity in the products of technology also gives an impact to communication nowadays. Because of the invention of the Internet, written, verbal, and non- verbal communication are no longer limited. DuPont, p. 66). Written communication now changes from the way it used to be. For example, mails today no longer require long days or hours of waiting to be received. Instant messaging, just as chat and e-mails, are rampant today and helps in the fast sending and receiving of messages. The ways on how to communicate verbally also change with the use of the Internet. Before verbal exchange of messages can only happen personally. But now, video conferencing, wherein two people could talk to each other even if they are in two different location, is possible. Major changes in the area of non- verbal communication are also taking place. Other products of technological advancements add to the range of diversity communication has. The diversity in the products of technology helps communication to be faster, powerful, and effective. Although there are negative issues regarding online communication, we could not still hide the big impact technology has made to change the way we communicate. In addition, cultural diversity for others is a barrier for effective communication. However, the diversity helps in for further understanding and growth of the people. How to cite The Importance of Diversity in Communication Today, Papers

Critical Issues in Business The 21st Century Leadership

Question: Discuss about the Critical Issues in Businessfor the 21st Century Leadership. Answer: Introduction Leadership is an important aspect for every business organization as the leaders motivate the employees of the organization and helps to achieve the organizational goals and objectives (Northouse 2012). Apart from these, effective leadership transforms a group of people into effective and constructive employees. It is a fact that an influential leader must have some fundamental competencies. Ingenuity and innovation must be there in a leader. A leader must be innovative and creative in order to lead a group of people. Leader must be globally acumen; that is, a leader must have the knowledge how to make successful business. A major competency that a leader must have is professional and technical expertise in his/her respective field (Lussier and Achua2015). A leader must know how to tackle a diverse workforce in the organization. Another most important aspect is that a leader must lead by example, as the employees will be motivated by watching his activities. He must be able to think critically in tough situations. It can be seen that there are some major leadership theories. The Theories of Power and Influence says that a leader must have some basic power like legitimate power, expert power, referent power, coercive power and reward power. As per the Transformational theory of Leadership, the leaders must perform beyond expectation to lead a team. According to the attribution theory of leadership, a leader must have sufficient information at the time of leading the team (Weisband2013). In addition, there are some classical leadership theories. Some major classical theories of leadership are the Trait Theory, the Behavioral Theory of Leadership, the Contingency Theory of leadership, the integrative theory of leadership and others (Otley2016). Trait Theory Trait theory moves around to find out the exceptional and specific traits that makes a leader out of a person (Nichols and Cottrell, 2014). As Weisband (2013) describes,, the traits that were recommended to be privilege for supporting a person to be a leader. One of the main assistance of this theory in the line of leadership is to reveal the components in a leaders character that people wish. However, this theory does not change the personality or mentions anything about development of trait. Behavioral Theory Men (2014) explain that this theory tries to describe the nature of work of a leader and the characteristic approaches acclimatized by him. A surplus sub classified of this theory looks towards the nature of the managerial work. Contingency Theory Contingency theory is even known as situational theory as it tries to discover the traits and behavior of a leader given a variable situation. The key contribution of this theory is that it examines situational elements, which are inclusive of the style of the work, external environment and differentiation of the followers. Some underlying causes are responsible for the changes in the leadership competencies; they are exposure to different business circumstances, diverse emotional as well as personal experiences, various activities of learning and development, personal involvement and growth, age, maturity and others. Hence, it can be seen that there are many theories regarding leadership. Diverse Emotional and Personal Experiences Personal and emotional experiences are tangled with the process of leadership and the results of the followers and the leader. This underlying leadership development initiative has received a great deal of attention in the literature of leadership. Activities of Development and Learning The process of learning occurs even for a person in the position of leadership; that may take place due to any intrapersonal knowledge or any unfavorable conditions that may be faced earlier. Personal Growth and Evolvement Every individual possess personal traits that are inherent enables them to appear as leaders but true leadership branches from continual struggle to evolve with the present requirements of business. Maturity and Age In the earlier literatures it was stated that the power of leadership arises with age and maturity. It was stated by Northouse (2012) that maturity arises with age but in the current studies that are being undertaken the earlier perception have been ignored and it is seen that maturity will enables a good leader and that may not be attained with age. In the era of twenty-first centuries, the biggest barrier in leadership is the thought that there are limited scopes of leadership. However, as per the modern leadership theories, there is not any scope in leadership. In the modern business era, the leaders must be flexible and they must have the power to influence his/her followers. Hence, it can be said that the present days leadership has become more challenging and it needs more involvement of the leaders. The explanation of leadership has been seen in various lights. There have been innumerable disagreements on what features of a humans character make them leaders. However, every researcher in every century has agreed on one thing and it is that a leader is nothing but a person having followers who wants to follow them. Lussier and Achua (2015) describes that it is rather a complex relationship of moral between the subordinates and the leaders by relying on the obligation, emotion, conviction, commitment and most significantly a collective vision. Key Words: Leadership, leaders, business organization, theories of leadership References Lussier, R.N. and Achua, C.F., 2015.Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Nelson Education. Northouse, P.G., 2012.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage. Otley, D., 2016. The contingency theory of management accounting and control: 19802014.Management accounting research,31, pp.45-62. Weisband, S.P. ed., 2013.Leadership at a distance: research in technologically-supported work. Psychology Press.

Green Cover free essay sample

Rampant construction and poor compensatory plantation are taking a toll on Kolkatas environment. And it has probably never been as stark and quick as in the last year. The citys green cover now stands at a dismal 5%, which is way below the requirement of 15% for metros. In the last 12 months, Kolkata and its adjoining areas have lost more than 5,000 trees to developmental projects, unauthorized chopping and natural causes. The loss is unprecedented, says the forest department. This could have brought the cover further down and has pushed up the carbon count by an alarming 5,500,000 kg per year, the department admitted. The impact of this loss would be felt in the coming years, feel environmentalists. And it could be irreversible, given the sporadic and unplanned compensatory plantation in Kolkata. The figures confirm the fear. As much as 95 lakh tonnes of carbon are generated in Kolkata from vehicular emission every year. We will write a custom essay sample on Green Cover or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Since each full-grown tree can absorb around 1,100 kg of carbon a year, a loss of 5,000 plants means 5,500,000 kg more carbon in the citys atmosphere. In comparison, the green cover in Delhi and Mumbai are much higher. While the Capital has a cover of 19. 9%, Mumbai was marginally behind at around 18%. The national average stands at a healthier 19. 49%. On the whole, orest cover has been on a steady decline since 1981 in Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Bithe dense forest in the country has increased by 1. 88 per cent, but the area under open forest has declined by 2. 55 per cent. However, the trend in some states is at a variance with the national trend. Fhar, Haryana and West Bengal. On the other hand, states like Arunachal Pradesh, Nagaland, Manipur and Sikkim have shown a decline in their forest cover in the latest assessment.

United States System essays

United States System essays Quid pro quo is a direct money exchange for influence, or in other words bribery. Many have the view that lobbying is not bribery. There are many reasons of why it is not so. The definition of lobbying is the transmission of information of both technical and political views. The technical information is very important proof, whereas the political information is more of blackmail. In other words, political lobbying means that if party number one passes a law that party number two disagrees with, party number two will no longer vote for party number one. Lobbying is not bribery because the money goes to the campaign, not to the politicians pocket. The interest groups are primarily interested in the policy of the government, whereas the political parties are only interested in the personnel of government. The interest groups give money to both parties and are conflicting with one another. They are shifting coalitions meaning they are against each other. The purpose of the process is to buy access to the person in power. This is where lobbying comes in to play. The big city political machines were very powerful and kept theyre political power for quite some time. The so-called boss was the leader of the political machine in big cities such as Boston. During this time, the immigrants wanted citizenship in the United States, but they had to be able to speak and write in English in order for them to take the test. To solve this problem, the machine created a patronage system. The patronage system said that the immigrants had to be taught English, and which ever politician was to teach them and make them citizens eligible for jobs, housing, the right to vote, and food will forever have the vote of that person. In other words, they help the immigrants become citizens and the immigrants vote for them to be the boss of the political machine. This is the system that seemed to be giving the po...

Iran's Vulnerability Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Iran's Vulnerability Assessment - Essay Example The battle of control is weakening Iran’s government and there is no clue if this destabilization will lessen down. Iran is also facing ethnic threats as an internal destabilizing problem. There is religious dictatorship in the country which is the death of democracy. The so-called theocratic leaders and divine officials have been governing the country for many years. Theocracy is the rule. So, free thought and expression is restricted. The official religion is Islam but Shia’s are given preference which means that Iran grades its citizens as first class or second class. We do not see any non-Persian Iranian in political power. Non-Farsi nationalities cannot use their language or culture within the country, for example in education. There also exists sexual apartheid in Iran which oppresses women’s rights. â€Å"As far as the issue of religion, frankly the issue for Iran is not any religion or ideology, not even Shia religion†, writes Gandhi. Non-Muslims or minorities who do not adhere to the official religion face many threats like kidnappings and killings. Freedom of religion does not prevail which leads to persecution of the non-Muslims. The strictness in the adoption of religion by radical Muslims has created a rift between the citizens and the religion. Since, as previously stated, the religion prefers the Shia’s, this leads to the creation of sects and groups which further weakens the country’s stability. According to Radio Zamaneh, â€Å"a group of 110 activists in Iran has issued a statement condemning the military threats against their country†. Perceived military threats have continued to pose dangers to the country’s integrity for years. The undemocratic leaders have been using military interventions to use war to achieve their objectives of oppressing people’s rights and requirements. Ahmadinjead has been telling the world that Iran is not

Scenario Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Scenario Analysis - Essay Example Analyzing the scenario, this paper will further aim at recommending remedial strategies by implementing a decision-making tool suitable for resolving the issue. Critical Analysis of the Scenario The given particular scenario exemplifies a care unit comprising thirty-two bed facilities, which include around 15 registered nurses (RNs) and 22 licensed practical nurses (LPNs). Accordingly, the newly hired nursing unit manager is charged with the responsibility of staffing, caring and evaluating operations. It has been identified in this regard that the staff members are facing excessive workload pressure due to ineffective planning and management. There is also a mixture of part-time, full-time and casual staffing in the unit of the care facility, creating perplexities and hurdles in the proper execution of operations. The staff members of the care unit are observed to be unhappy due to workload pressure. Moreover, it is also recognized that the former RN, who was appointed before the ne wly hired nursing unit manager, resigned due to non-cooperation received from other staff members. An insight into the scenario depicts that these issues were the consequence of inadequate pay in accordance with the workload imposed upon the unit manager. Decision-making Tool As per the scenario, it has been recognized that there are various issues affecting the smooth operations and working environment of the care facility of the pediatric unit. In this respect, the newly hired nursing unit manager, on identifying these issues, should adopt a decision-making tool with the objective of devising appropriate plans and strategies so that activities of staff members and other operations are managed in an appropriate fashion. In the present scenario, advancement in the technological field and knowledge in nursing have raised complexities, on the basis of which nurses are required to be more competent and knowledgeable. The major activity of the nursing unit manager is to seek that staff members execute their operations according to the requirement of situations and in accordance with the goals of the care facility. The nursing unit manager is also entrusted with the job to ensure that proper medication and services are offered to patients (Cherie & Gebrekidan, 2005). In this context, with the assigned tasks and responsibilities along with numerous issues in the pediatric unit of the care facility, the nursing unit manager can be suggested the decision-making tool of decision ladder. The nursing unit manager, with the assistance of the decision-making tool, will be facilitated with the opportunity of recognizing issues, assessing possible solutions and identifying alternative ways on the basis of which these issues can be resolved. This decision-making tool postulates a systematic procedure to resolve a particular issue as that witnessed in the given scenario. The procedure can be identified as a multidirectional and multistep process, which includes situational ana lysis, developing alternatives, examining the selected alternatives and implementing appropriate plans as suited for the resolution of the issue identified. The decision-making tool will assist the newly hired nursing manager in recognizing problems in the operations of the unit, which include patient care and requirement, work intensity and payment structure, etc.

Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Proposal - Essay Example I will use questionnaires for carrying out the research. The whole process will be based on one month. Introduction: LON failed completely and lost all its power when as a result of withdrawal of the member countries, it was left with minimal armed forces that were not enough to help it in making the countries comply with the sanctions proposed by the league. The league came into being to control the aggressiveness practiced by some countries through measures of arms control, settlement and negotiation. LON had no armed forces of its own, owing to which it failed in threatening the aggressive nations with military might and simply failed to enforce its resolutions designed to maintain world peace and World War II initiated. Literature review: According to a research study done by (Buchanan), LON had no other means of making the defiant state abide by its decisions than introducing economic sanctions on that state. For example, when LON verbally threatened Germany to not violate the r ules of the treaty flagrantly and stop moving troops into Rhineland, Germany walked out of the League and gave up membership.

Gestalt and Holistic Treatment (Principle of Totality)

Gestalt and Holistic Treatment (Principle of Totality) 1. What Is Holistic Psychology? Holism talks about any way that stresses the entire psychic thinking reasonably than their fundamental elements. Conversely knows as ‘the entire is larger than the sum of its parts’. A holistic method consequently recommends that there are diverse stages of explanation and that at every stage there exist â€Å"emergent characteristics† that cannot be condensed. (McLeod, 2008) 2. Holistic psychology:  A New Science Holistic psychology constructs on anything that has gone before. Alike Gestalt psychology, it claims the honor in full. Along with Psych combination and transpersonal psychology, it openly talks about the inspirational and the mystical elements. It knocks varied causes to accept, acclimate, and elaborate methods, including them into its practice of individual alteration, adaptation, and therapeutic. Although it’s not new yet is innovative and different in every part, as holistic psychology offers in full a new start. It strips away covered ideas from the preceding that are incorrect and restraining, and plugs in fundamentally new guidelines. Thus it’s a practice for discovering and converting perception which leads us to a new empire within. (Bà ¶dy, 2009) 3. General talk on Holistic Psychology Approaches Dr Lisa MatthewmanC Psychol AFBPsS . Registered Professional Psychologist, (AFBPsS, 2009) discovers the use of holistic psychology with distinct clients and analyzes the modern holistic methods to structural happiness. ‘Holistic’ or ‘integrative’ thinking is the education and repetition of how to return to our usual entirety. It is a combined method that talks on psychological wellness via linking and endorsing the fitness of the physique and soul, while incorporating customary psychological treatments. It highlights the interdependence of physical, psychic and mental dynamics. Studying ‘completeness and well. being’ from a organizations viewpoint it syndicates advanced psychological knowledge with customary healing insights and paradigms from harmonizing therapy (AFBPsS, 2009) 4. History of Gestalt psychology Gestalt theory originated nearly in 19th century in Austria and south Germany as a protest in contradiction of structural universities fractional study of understanding intoatomisticessentials. Max Wertheimer,Wolfgang Kohlerand Kurt Koffka worked together to found Gestalt. Gestalt psychologyof the Berlin School is a philosophy of observance and intelligence speculating that the functioning norm of the mind is holistic, corresponding, and equivalent, with self. organizing propensities. (Liquori, 2011). While numerous modern psychologists reserve that even these propensities are the result of information and education, all approve that they are robust and almost universal tendencies. (John M. Darley, (1991).) 5. Principle of Totality The philosophy of Gestalt psychology is grounded on the principle of totality: The principle of totality which is a straightforward theoretic belief of gestalt theory, affirming that mindful knowledge should be watched holistically, as an entirety of the active communications of constituents of the brain. (Concepts, 2015) ThePrinciple of Totality—the conscious experience must be measured internationally by captivating into interpretation all the bodily and psychological characteristics of the individual at the same time because the environment of the mind stresses that all constituents be measured as portion of an arrangement of dynamic relationships. The norm supports that the human eye perceives matters in their whole before observing their separate parts†¦ that the whole is diverse than the sum of its parts. These are our â€Å"psychological shortcuts† for obtaining and upholding steady percepts in our loud world. We want these shortcuts to curtail policymaking time and permit us to function without continually stopping to contemplate about the subsequent course of action. (Tyne, 2013) 6. Perception of Apparent Motion – Causes of Wertheimers Innovation that launched the Gestalt Revolution Max Wertheimer (1880. 1943), the creator of the Gestalt School of Psychology, printed a critique mono. graph on the perception of apparent motion in 1912, which started a new way for a great contract of succeeding perceptual viewpoint and examination. Wertheimers examination was stimulated by an unexpected scrutiny of a pure ostensible effort, which he called the phi. phenomenon to differentiate it from best apparent movement (beta), which looks a lot like real movement. Wertheimer named his original comments pure since it was professed in the absence of any thing being understood to modify its spot in universe. The phi. phenomenon, as well as the finest circumstances for seeing it, were not defined evidently in this monograph, foremost substantial following confusion aroused about its appearance and incidence. We appraise the antiquity leading to the detection of the phi. phenomenon, and then define: (i) A probable basis for the misperception obvious in most modern investigation on the phi. phenomenon; (ii) The finest circumstances for perceiving the phi. phenomenon; (iii) new circumstances that provide a mainly bright phi. phenomenon; and (iv) two outlines of thought that may deliver clarifications of the phi. phenomenon and also differentiate phi from beta. (Steinman RM1, 2015) 7. Gestalt principles of form perception their application in Modern Era Gestalt psychology tries to comprehend mental phenomena by inspecting them as prearranged and designed rather than the amount of their essential parts. Thus, Gestalt psychology distances itself from the extra decomposition. al methods to thinking like structuralism with its inclination to examine psychological actions into basic feelings and it highlights on ideas like developing properties, holism, and context. (Soegaard., 2014) Nowadays, businesses have understood these principles and deeply encompassed them into their advertising. Gestalt values keep the symbols stimulating and are inclined to catch people’s attention. Here I will discover many of the values and find real life instances of advertising applications that apply to each gestalt principles. Figure and Ground: Individuals often rift pictorial info into character and ground. Figure is what views out, while ground is the background. This influence is utilized in one of the Macintosh logos. As you perceive below, the sign can be observed as an even happy expression and as a joyful face in profile observing at a processor screen. Proximity: When individual see incomes that are near enough together, they repeatedly notice the resources as a group. In 2002 the MTV European Music Prizes used an advertisement that documented the law of proximity. We notice the 2 symbols in the greater left as a group and the symbols of the supporters in the lowest right as a collection. The white space and the proximity of the symbols specify that the symbols are destined to be groups, without MTV demanding to recognize it. Closure: Individuals tend to complete things that are actually unfinished by filling in gaps. The IBM symbol is categorically only blue lines of various length, but we identify the letters I, B, and M. Similarity: Individuals are often inclined to cluster alike items together. The business Lega. Lega used this belief in their website design. They used the orange shade for all the signs at the upper right of the webpage so that individuals assemble the images together. Symmetry: When we notice things we have a tendency to to notice them as symmetrical shapes that form around their center. When we see two separated items that are symmetrical, we automatically see them as one item. Since the Us are proportioned to one another, we mechanically group each U with the one it is following to, leaving us with four objects rather than eight. (larwa002, 2011) 8. Contribution of the Field to Contemporary World: Some of the most notable contributions of Gestalt psychology to the understanding of humanperceptionand cognition include: The motion picture and animation industries (which began with studies on apparent motion); The three Gestalt organizing principles (i.e., figure. ground, grouping byproximity and similarity, and good continuation), which determine how our perceptions are organized; Koffkaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s distinction between physical reality (the geographical environment; the world asit is) and perceived reality (behavioral environment; the world as we perceive it) Kà ¶hlerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s isomorphism, the idea that perceptual experience (phenomenal reality) and the underlying physical reality (the physiological eventsof the nervous system) are functionally equivalent (â€Å"brain activity is isomorphic tophenomenological experience†); Kà ¶hlerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸s research on insight,(a sudden problem solution that occurs when an individual reorganizes the elements of a problem situation into a new configuration), which introduced a new way of thinking into the debate about learning and problem. solving and extended animal methodology beyond puzzle boxes and mazes; Wertheimer’s productivethinking, which wentbeyond therote learning and rule memorization used by thecontemporary educational system, in stating that productive thinking was a â€Å"true understanding† (of a problem) derived from a complete restructuring of the problem inorder to gain insight into itssolution; 9. Conclusion Though Gestalt thinking failed to develop as a main power in American mainstream thinkingit imparted as a robust customof accepting intricacy through examination into American psychology (Goodwin, 2008).It has had a deep influence on the method we comprehend socialperception and reasoning today.Not merely did it effect Pavlov’s trained response investigation and Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the impact of Gestalt psychology can be seen through contemporary psychology in related psychological philosophies (i.e., Bronfenbrenner and Vygotsky),in contemporary communal psychology, in inspiration and goal. directedperformance, in trainingson prejudgment and its decrease, in. group devotion, andthe efficiencyof groupprocedures (Lewis); in trainings onprevention and its denigrating effect on behavior (regression), in modern developmental psychology, and in modern cognitive psychology, which investigates such topics as the organizationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¸ of information in memory (Goo dwin, 2008).According to Ralph White(as cited in Goodwin, 2008), it â€Å"is very much alive† in the â€Å"form of paying continual attention to the patterns of motivation and cognition that directly determine behavior, in the form of a selective but fairly 10. References AFBPsS, D. L. (2009). Registered Occupational Psychologist and International Society for Coaching Psychology. Bà ¶dy, D. G. (2009). http://holisticrenewal.com/holistic. psychology/what. is. holistic. psychology.html. Retrieved from http://holisticrenewal.com/holistic. psychology/what. is. holistic. psychology.html Concepts, P. (2015). Psychology Concepts. Retrieved from http://www.psychologyconcepts.com/principle. of. totality/ John M. Darley, S. G. ((1991).). Psychology,. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Fifth Edition, Prentice. Hall. larwa002. (2011, october 9). Effective Use of Gestalt Principles. Retrieved from http://blog.lib.umn.edu/: http://blog.lib.umn.edu/clar0841/psychblog/2011/10/effective. use. of. gestalt. principles.html Liquori, E. (2011). The Close Relationship Between Gestalt Principles and Design. Retrieved from http://www.instantshift.com/: http://www.instantshift.com/2011/09/19/the. close. relationship. between. gestalt. principles. and. design/ McLeod, S. (2008). Reductionism and Holism. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/reductionism. holism.html Soegaard., M. (2014). Gestalt principles of form perception. Retrieved from https://www.interaction. design.org: https://www.interaction. design.org/encyclopedia/gestalt_principles_of_form_perception.html Steinman RM1, P. Z. (2015). Phi is not beta, and why Wertheimers discovery launched the Gestalt revolution. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10927113. Tyne, S. V. (2013, September 8). The Whole is Other Than the Sum of the Parts: Principles of Gestalt Perception. Retrieved from http://seanvantyne.com/: http://seanvantyne.com/wordpress/2013/09/08/the. whole. is. other. than. the. sum. of. the. parts. principles. of. gestalt. perception/comment. page. 1/ Goodwin, C. J. (2008). A history of modern psychology (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ/ Wiley Sons.

Irrigation as a Tool for Frost and Freeze Protection Essay -- Agricult

For years now farmers and researchers have understood the value of applying water to crops during periods when the temperature drops below 32oF (0oC). The temperature of 32oF is the freezing point of water and is the temperature at which crops start to become damaged due to the formation of ice crystals in their tissue cells. The point that this starts to occur is considered the crops critical temperature. The critical temperature usually is slightly lower than the freezing point of water and depends on the duration at the temperature. For example, in citrus the critical temperature at four hours is 28oF. This means that a citrus tree can stand a temperature of 28oF for four hours before sustaining damage. After four hours the damage is proportional to the time that the temperature remains below the critical temperature. Temperatures below 28oF for a short period of time (one or two hours) will cause only minimal damage. Temperatures over 28oF can be tolerated for extended periods of time with only minor damage (partial leaf burn, partial defoliation, etc., but no wood damage). Other factors such as stage of growth (if the plant is in early stages of growth or mature), fruit set (whether the crop is still on the plant or not), dormancy (whether the plant is actively growing or is dormant), plant water content (whether the plant is under water stress or not) and overall plant health will influence the critical temperature for a specific crop. There are three ways that water can transfer heat for freeze protection. The first way is through radiation. Water pumped from wells will be introduced into the field at a much higher temperature than the surrounding air temperature (in Florida the temperature for water coming from a well is... ...rmittent coverage. References Hochmuth, G.J., S.J. Lacascio, S.R. Kostewicz, and F.G. Martin. 1993. Irrigation Method and Rowcover Use for Strawberry Freeze Protection. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 188(5):575-579. Miller, F. 1977. College Physics. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc. New York. Parsons, L.R., and T.A. Wheaton, 1987. Microsprinkler Irrigation for Freeze Protection: Evaporative Cooling and Extent of Protection in an Advective Freeze. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 112(6):879- 902. Parsons, L.R., T.A. Wheaton, N.D. Faryna, and J.L. Jackson. 1991. Elevated Microsprinklers Improve Protection of Citrus Trees in an Advective Freeze. Hortscience. 26(9):1149-1151. Rieger, M., F.S. Davies, and L.K. Jackson. 1986. Microsprinkler Irrigation and Microclimate of Young Orange Trees During Freeze Conditions. Hortscience. 21(6):1372-1374.