Radioactivity Definition in Science

Radioactivity is the spontaneous emission of radiation in the form of particles or high energy photons resulting from a nuclear reaction. It is also known as radioactive decay, nuclear decay, nuclear disintegration, or radioactive disintegration. While there are many forms of electromagnetic radiation, they are not always produced by radioactivity. For example, a light bulb may emit radiation in the forms of heat and light, yet it is not radioactive. A substance that contains unstable atomic nuclei is considered to be radioactive. Radioactive decay is a random or stochastic process that occurs at the level of individual atoms. While it is impossible to predict exactly when a single unstable nucleus will decay, the rate of decay of a group of atoms may be predicted based on decay constants or half-lives. A half-life is the time required for half of the sample of matter to undergo radioactive decay. Key Takeaways: Definition of Radioactivity Radioactivity is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting radiation.While radioactivity results in the release of radiation, not all radiation is produced by radioactive material.The SI unit of radioactivity is the becquerel (Bq). Other units include the curie, gray, and sievert.Alpha, beta, and gamma decay are three common processes through which radioactive materials lose energy. Units The International System of Units (SI) uses the becquerel (Bq) as the standard unit of radioactivity. The unit is named in honor of the discoverer of radioactivity, French scientists Henri Becquerel. One becquerel is defined to be one decay or disintegration per second. The curie (Ci) is another common unit of radioactivity. It is defined as 3.7 x 1010 disintegrations per second. One curie equals 3.7 x 1010 bequerels. Ionizing radiation is often expressed in units of grays (Gy) or sieverts (Sv). A gray is the absorption of one joule of radiation energy per kilogram of massA sievert is the quantity of radiation associated with a 5.5% change of cancer eventually developing as a result of exposure. Types of Radioactive Decay The first three types of radioactive decay to be discovered were alpha, beta, and gamma decay. These modes of decay were named by their ability to penetrate matter. Alpha decay penetrates the shortest distance, while gamma decay penetrates the greatest distance. Eventually, the processes involved in alpha, beta, and gamma decay were better understood and additional types of decay were discovered. Decay modes include (A is atomic mass or number of protons plus neutrons, Z is atomic number or number of protons): Alpha decay: An alpha particle (A 4, Z2) is emitted from the nucleus, resulting in a daughter nucleus (A -4, Z - 2).Proton emission: The parent nucleus emits a proton, resulting in a daughter nucleus (A -1, Z - 1).Neutron emission: The parent nucleus ejects a neutron, resulting in a daughter nucleus (A - 1, Z).Spontaneous fission: An unstable nucleus disintegrates into two or more small nuclei.Beta minus (ÃŽ ²Ã¢Ë†â€™) decay: A nucleus emits an electron and electron antineutrino to yield a daughter with A, Z 1.Beta plus (ÃŽ ²) decay: A nucleus emits a positron and electron neutrino to yield a daughter with A, Z - 1.Electron capture: A nucleus captures an electron and emits a neutrino, resulting in a daughter that is unstable and excited.Isomeric transition (IT): An excited nucleus releases a gamma ray resulting in a daughter with the same atomic mass and atomic number (A, Z), Gamma decay typically occurs following another form of decay, such as alpha or beta decay. When a nucleus is left in an excited state it may release a gamma ray photon in order for the atom to return to a lower and more stable energy state. Sources LAnnunziata, Michael F. (2007). Radioactivity: Introduction and History. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier Science. ISBN 9780080548883.Loveland, W.; Morrissey, D.; Seaborg, G.T. (2006). Modern Nuclear Chemistry. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 978-0-471-11532-8.Martin, B.R. (2011). Nuclear and Particle Physics: An Introduction (2nd ed.). John Wiley Sons. ISBN 978-1-1199-6511-4.Soddy, Frederick (1913). The Radio Elements and the Periodic Law. Chem. News. Nr. 107, pp. 97–99.Stabin, Michael G. (2007). Radiation Protection and Dosimetry: An Introduction to Health Physics. Springer. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-49983-3 ISBN 978-0-387-49982-6.

Case Study Ford Motor Company Essay - 2073 Words

Introduction The company in the following capstone project is Ford Motor Company which is an international manufacturer of automotive and is headquartered in Dearborn Michigan. The company was founded by Henry Ford in the year 1903. The company has developed widely since then and has turned to be the 5th best automaker in the globe and 2nd best American-based automaker industry. The main field of business of the company is the production and sale of the Ford Brand automobiles and the Lincoln brand of luxury cars. Its activities are centered on manufacturing, assembling, and international marketing of the named brands. The company has been facing several challenges recently which include the production of automotive machinery that have transmission problems whose impact has been proved to be a big problem. Pollution of the environment is another great challenge facing the company which comes both from the production mechanisms applied by the company and transmission problems of the vehicles which are released into the atmosphere greenhouse gasses. This fact places the company in a state that does not meet all the requirements of environmental sustainability. The project mainly aims at conducting an assessment of the corporation manufacturing techniques and all the necessary improvements needed to significantly reduce the levels of pollution. Implementation of innovative techniques of production, recycling of materials in production and designing cars together with machinesShow MoreRelatedCase Study : Ford Motor Company Essay2498 Words   |  10 Pagesthe profit maximization. I remember a very famous case study of Ford Motor Company that says the importance of teamwork. In 2006 when Alan Mulally became the CEO of the Ford Motor Company, many senior executives thought that a big change in inevitable as mullally was the outsider. Speculation of changes in team at higher level was at high as Mulally was hired from Boeing because of his expertise in running big organization and employees of Ford Motor were suspicious about his working method. Read MoreCase Study: Ford Motor Company2447 Words   |  10 PagesCASE STUDY: FORD MOTOR COMPANY Leadership and Organizational Effectiveness of Ford Motor Company â€Å"This is everything. It’s heritage. It’s children’s future. It’s everything tied up into one. Failure is not an option.† - Jr. CEO, Ford Motor Company The global marketplace is faced with different challenges that affect its overall management and operations. Various pressures on the internal and external conditions such as the unstable world and local economies, the workforce, the customersRead MoreCase Study Ford Motor Company1461 Words   |  6 PagesCASE STUDY Ford Motor Company Ford Motor Company, one of the world’s largest automotive manufacturers, has worked with Penske on several Six Sigma initiatives. As its lead logistics provider (LLP), Penske’s quality team of associates are trained in Six Sigma practices and work closely with Ford to streamline operations and create and maintain a more centralized logistics network. Together, they uncovered several areas for real cost savings as a result of reducing inbound carrier discrepancies, eliminatingRead MoreCase Study of Ford Motor Company1147 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿ Tim Randall Ford Motor Company has been recognized as one of the worlds most ethical companies by the Ethisphere Institute, a leading business ethics think tank (Ford Motor Company.com. Home Page. 2012. PP. 1). This 2010 award of excellence highlights a fundamental transformation for a company that in the mid-1970s was immersed in a scandal regarding the safety of its Ford Pinto sub-compact. The issue which led to major lawsuits, inconclusive criminal charges, and a costly recall ofRead MoreCase Study : Ford Motor Company1611 Words   |  7 PagesFord Motor Co. Casey T, Blackburn Business 104 Business Organization Management Dr. Earl Murray Jr. 1 November 2015 Abstract I hope that this meets the intent of this paper and that you learn something new about the management of an organization that I have the most interest in. I wanted to discuss how the lessons that we have covered during this class are used and demonstrated in a large worldwide company such as Ford Motor Co. Ford Motor Co. Ford’s Motor Company History Ford Motor CompanyRead MoreCase Study : Ford Motor Company1220 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ford Motor Company fell into a trap of greed that resulted in the loss of many human lives. Before the disaster of the Pinto fires, Ford had a reputation as being the safety pioneer in the automobile industry with additions such as the seat belts even raising awareness of their safety. However, as the invention of small cars began to take emerge Ford began to lose market shares to the foreign market causing Ford to construct a small compact to satisfy this emerging market. Ford’s stance on â€Å"safetyRead MoreCase Study : Ford Motor Company915 Words   |  4 PagesFord Motor Company Ford Motor Company is headquartered in Dearborn, Michigan. The company is involved in the sale of automobiles, commercial and luxury cars. The company has over 90 plants around the world making it the second largest automobile manufacturer. The company employs more than 213,000 employees hence its human resource management is critical. Ensuring the HR Strategy Is In Alignment with the Business Strategy In the past, organizations have made the mistake of involving HR in the planningRead MoreCase Study of the Ford Motor Company1346 Words   |  5 PagesFinancial analysis of Ford Motor Company 1. Introduction The Ford Motor Company is one of the largest automakers in the world and it is notable due to its powerful position within the global market place. Still, aside from this, Ford is also notable from a business analysis standpoint, representing a firm that has lost its competitive position to the Japanese automakers, due to the inability to recognize changing market trends. Also, the company is notable as it was severely hit by the economicRead MoreCase Study : Ford Motor Company813 Words   |  4 PagesThe company our group chose to analyze was Ford Motor Company. They are based out of Michigan with 181,000 employees and 65 plants worldwide. They currently sell on six continents and sold 2,493,918 vehicles in 2013. The Ford Motor Company Brand also includes Lincoln but it is only sold in North America. There are many risk factors currently for the company, but a main one is the high fixed structural cost they have in place that are easily susceptible to losses in a turn down of the economyRead MoreCase Study : Ford Motor Company1340 Words   |  6 PagesHenry Ford opened his first factory, Ford Motor Company has been changing the automotive industry all across the world. What started out, as a small company with big ideas has become one of the largest and profitable companies in the world. Ford Motor Company, communally known as Ford stared out as a family own company and today is still run by the Ford family. Today, where companies are having to sell or partner with other companies, it is amazing to see a family company grow in the way Ford has since

The Importance of Diversity in Communication Today Free Essays

The world we live in is a world composed of constant changes and differences among people. History would tell us how far the age of humanity has stretched—from the period of cave men, to the age of land explorations, to Renaissance, up to the age of industrialization, and now, the period of globalization. Still, there are available tools and ways to settle each difference among people. We will write a custom essay sample on The Importance of Diversity in Communication Today or any similar topic only for you Order Now One of the most useful and most effective ways to do this is through communication. Communication helps greatly in the filling of gaps among people who have differences in views, culture, and contexts (Sproule, p. 13). Its diverse nature has proven to be playing a major role in the past. For example, during the time of the early cave men, communication was done non-verbally. It indicates the simplicity of life during the said period. It was very different during the Industrialization Age when other tools for communication were invented. The appearance of telephones and early computers made a great impact in the area of communication. These changes suggest that communication adapts with time and the needs of the people during that time. In this current period though, what is the role and importance of diversity in communication in a globalized world? Diversity among cultures is one thing that plays a major role in communication today. With the differences in their views, tradition, and religion, people from different cultures often clash with each other. In communication, it should be noted that cultural diversity is one of the crucial and important aspects we should consider when communicating (Bovà ©e, p. 26). For example, today that we are in the world of capitalism, business communication plays a vital role for the success of companies and industries. When dealing with business partners and businessmen from a different race and culture, it is important that we knows how to communicate with them with background and knowledge of their culture (Schirato, p. 87). For example, the Japanese are known to be patient and values formality when dealing with their businesses as compared to other Western ones who are more direct, straightforward, and informal. Diversity in the products of technology also gives an impact to communication nowadays. Because of the invention of the Internet, written, verbal, and non- verbal communication are no longer limited. DuPont, p. 66). Written communication now changes from the way it used to be. For example, mails today no longer require long days or hours of waiting to be received. Instant messaging, just as chat and e-mails, are rampant today and helps in the fast sending and receiving of messages. The ways on how to communicate verbally also change with the use of the Internet. Before verbal exchange of messages can only happen personally. But now, video conferencing, wherein two people could talk to each other even if they are in two different location, is possible. Major changes in the area of non- verbal communication are also taking place. Other products of technological advancements add to the range of diversity communication has. The diversity in the products of technology helps communication to be faster, powerful, and effective. Although there are negative issues regarding online communication, we could not still hide the big impact technology has made to change the way we communicate. In addition, cultural diversity for others is a barrier for effective communication. However, the diversity helps in for further understanding and growth of the people. How to cite The Importance of Diversity in Communication Today, Papers

Critical Issues in Business The 21st Century Leadership

Question: Discuss about the Critical Issues in Businessfor the 21st Century Leadership. Answer: Introduction Leadership is an important aspect for every business organization as the leaders motivate the employees of the organization and helps to achieve the organizational goals and objectives (Northouse 2012). Apart from these, effective leadership transforms a group of people into effective and constructive employees. It is a fact that an influential leader must have some fundamental competencies. Ingenuity and innovation must be there in a leader. A leader must be innovative and creative in order to lead a group of people. Leader must be globally acumen; that is, a leader must have the knowledge how to make successful business. A major competency that a leader must have is professional and technical expertise in his/her respective field (Lussier and Achua2015). A leader must know how to tackle a diverse workforce in the organization. Another most important aspect is that a leader must lead by example, as the employees will be motivated by watching his activities. He must be able to think critically in tough situations. It can be seen that there are some major leadership theories. The Theories of Power and Influence says that a leader must have some basic power like legitimate power, expert power, referent power, coercive power and reward power. As per the Transformational theory of Leadership, the leaders must perform beyond expectation to lead a team. According to the attribution theory of leadership, a leader must have sufficient information at the time of leading the team (Weisband2013). In addition, there are some classical leadership theories. Some major classical theories of leadership are the Trait Theory, the Behavioral Theory of Leadership, the Contingency Theory of leadership, the integrative theory of leadership and others (Otley2016). Trait Theory Trait theory moves around to find out the exceptional and specific traits that makes a leader out of a person (Nichols and Cottrell, 2014). As Weisband (2013) describes,, the traits that were recommended to be privilege for supporting a person to be a leader. One of the main assistance of this theory in the line of leadership is to reveal the components in a leaders character that people wish. However, this theory does not change the personality or mentions anything about development of trait. Behavioral Theory Men (2014) explain that this theory tries to describe the nature of work of a leader and the characteristic approaches acclimatized by him. A surplus sub classified of this theory looks towards the nature of the managerial work. Contingency Theory Contingency theory is even known as situational theory as it tries to discover the traits and behavior of a leader given a variable situation. The key contribution of this theory is that it examines situational elements, which are inclusive of the style of the work, external environment and differentiation of the followers. Some underlying causes are responsible for the changes in the leadership competencies; they are exposure to different business circumstances, diverse emotional as well as personal experiences, various activities of learning and development, personal involvement and growth, age, maturity and others. Hence, it can be seen that there are many theories regarding leadership. Diverse Emotional and Personal Experiences Personal and emotional experiences are tangled with the process of leadership and the results of the followers and the leader. This underlying leadership development initiative has received a great deal of attention in the literature of leadership. Activities of Development and Learning The process of learning occurs even for a person in the position of leadership; that may take place due to any intrapersonal knowledge or any unfavorable conditions that may be faced earlier. Personal Growth and Evolvement Every individual possess personal traits that are inherent enables them to appear as leaders but true leadership branches from continual struggle to evolve with the present requirements of business. Maturity and Age In the earlier literatures it was stated that the power of leadership arises with age and maturity. It was stated by Northouse (2012) that maturity arises with age but in the current studies that are being undertaken the earlier perception have been ignored and it is seen that maturity will enables a good leader and that may not be attained with age. In the era of twenty-first centuries, the biggest barrier in leadership is the thought that there are limited scopes of leadership. However, as per the modern leadership theories, there is not any scope in leadership. In the modern business era, the leaders must be flexible and they must have the power to influence his/her followers. Hence, it can be said that the present days leadership has become more challenging and it needs more involvement of the leaders. The explanation of leadership has been seen in various lights. There have been innumerable disagreements on what features of a humans character make them leaders. However, every researcher in every century has agreed on one thing and it is that a leader is nothing but a person having followers who wants to follow them. Lussier and Achua (2015) describes that it is rather a complex relationship of moral between the subordinates and the leaders by relying on the obligation, emotion, conviction, commitment and most significantly a collective vision. Key Words: Leadership, leaders, business organization, theories of leadership References Lussier, R.N. and Achua, C.F., 2015.Leadership: Theory, application, skill development. Nelson Education. Northouse, P.G., 2012.Leadership: Theory and practice. Sage. Otley, D., 2016. The contingency theory of management accounting and control: 19802014.Management accounting research,31, pp.45-62. Weisband, S.P. ed., 2013.Leadership at a distance: research in technologically-supported work. Psychology Press.